- Give a definition of
.
- Prove the following is true for
:
- We define
-
Proof. The proof is by induction. For the case
we have, on the left,
On the right,
Thus, the formula holds for the case
. Assume then that it holds for some
. Then we have,
Thus, the formula holds for
if it holds for
; hence, we have shown that it holds for all
mamamamathstmat