If and
we proved that
- Prove the above formula for
is valid for any
.
- If
when does the above formula hold?
- Proof. We write
Therefore,
- The problem with this formula if
is that
is not defined there. I’m not sure what else Apostol wants us to say other than we can not meaningfully write
if
.
I added that the formula is only valid for rational r if x≤0, since this has already been proven by other means earlier in the book.